Determining the fate of flowing water is central to understanding how much water existed, and how long it remained at the surface, with direct implications for the possibility of life developing on the planet. Not long after landing, it discovered unambiguous evidence of sediments created by flowing surface water (Williams et al., 2013). The Curiosity Mars Rover was sent to Gale crater, just such an environment, to better understand the geologic history of water on Mars. Smaller bodies of water, especially within large, older impact craters, have also been proposed. Ocean shoreline morphologies proposed from analysis of Viking Orbiter data were evaluated later with higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) imaging and altimetry data, with equivocal results. However, the evidence for standing bodies of water on Mars, whether open or ice-covered, has been circumstantial and controversial. There has been analysis, discussion, and speculation that water responsible for carving channels eventually accumulated, perhaps repeatedly, in relatively large bodies of open or ice-covered water (ponds, lakes, oceans) early in martian geologic history. Mariner 9 images first showed geomorphological evidence that water has shaped the martian surface in prominent outflow channels and valley networks, but the final fate of this water has been debated ever since, and is still unresolved. We conclude that if wave-cut shorelines can be confirmed on Mars, this can constrain the range of possible atmospheric pressures and wind speeds that could have existed when the open water was present on Mars. The models were favorably validated against one another, and also against experiments conducted in a wave tank in a pressure controlled wind tunnel (NASA Ames MARSWIT). These models were modified only to reflect the different fluids considered at Mars, the different martian surface gravity, and the varying atmospheric pressure, wind and fetch. We used terrestrial wave models to predict the wave environment expected for reasonable ranges of atmospheric pressure and wind for end-member cases of ocean salinity. The normal criterion for the onset of water waves under terrestrial conditions is extended to recognize the greater atmospheric viscous boundary layer depth for low atmospheric pressures. We consider not only atmospheric pressure and wind, but also temperature and salinity, but find these latter effects to be secondary. We establish these criteria separating conditions under which waves will or will not form on an ancient martian open body of water. If the winds and atmospheric pressure are above some threshold, then waves can be formed, and shorelines are possible. For winds and atmospheric pressures that are too small, no waves should be expected, and thus no shorelines. At the Banfield Foundation, we are committed to making a better world for pets because they make a better world for us.We consider under what environmental conditions water waves (and thus eventually shorelines) should be expected to be produced on hypothetical ancient martian seas and lakes. It also leverages the expertise and passion of Banfield Pet Hospital ® associates to care for pets in need. In support of this belief, the foundation funds programs that enable veterinary care, elevate the power of the human-animal bond, provide disaster relief for pets, and advance the science of veterinary medicine through fostering innovation and education. He has a loving family, his own Instagram account, and he’s even learned to play fetch!Īt the core of the Banfield Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is the belief that all pets deserve access to veterinary care. Today, Herman hasn’t just adapted to life as a blind dog-he’s thriving. AAWL helped him readjust, and then find his forever home. Apart from the physical recovery, Herman had to learn to navigate the world without sight. In two separate procedures, both of his eyes were removed, and he was on the path to recovery. He had glaucoma in both eyes, but the shelter couldn’t afford the medical care he needed, and as a result, Herman was suffering.Ī recent $15,000 Veterinary Medical Equipment Grant from the Banfield Foundation ® allowed AAWL to expand and upgrade their veterinary clinic, so they had what they needed to perform surgery on Herman. Arizona Animal Welfare League (AAWL) first learned about Herman - a 7-year-old cattle dog - from one of their partner shelters. The challenge is that much greater when age and serious medical issues are also a factor. In places where animal shelters are overcrowded, it’s hard enough to find homes for all of the young, healthy pets.
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